Skipper (butterfly)

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Skippers

Female Essex Skipper, Thymelicus lineola

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
(unranked)	Rhopalocera
Superfamily:	Hesperioidea
Family:	Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809

The Skippers are a group of insects in the order Lepidoptera, classified in the superfamily Hesperioidea, which includes only one family, the Hesperiidae.

1 Differences to butterflies
2 Classification
3 Examples
4 References
5 Other websites

[change] Differences to butterflies

Skippers differ in several important ways from the remaining butterflies, which are classified in the superfamily Papilionoidea and the neotropical superfamily Hedyloidea. Collectively, these three groups of butterflies share several characteristics especially in the egg, larval and pupal stage (Ackery et al. 1999). However, skippers have the antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet. The other butterflies have club-like tips to their antennae and hedylids have feathered or pectinate antennae which give them an even more "moth"-like appearance than skippers. Skippers also have generally stockier bodies than the other two groups, with stronger wing muscles. Hesperioidea is very likely the sister group of Papilionoidea, and together with Hedyloidea constitute a natural group or clade.

[change] Classification

There are about 3400 species of Skippers. They are usually classified in the following subfamilies:

Awls, Awlets and Policemen (Subfamily Coeliadinae, about 75 species)
Grass Skippers (Subfamily Hesperiinae, over 2000 species)
Skipperlings (Subfamily Heteropterinae, about 150 species)
Giant Skippers (Subfamily Megathyminae, about 100 species)
Spread-winged Skippers (Subfamily Pyrginae, about 1000 species)
Firetips (Subfamily Pyrrhopyginae, about 150 species)
Australian Skippers (Subfamily Trapezitinae, about 60 species)

Note: Some authorities treat the Giant Skippers as a separate family, the Megathymidae, but more modern classifications place them within the subfamily Hesperiinae in the family Hesperiidae.

Many species of skippers look frustratingly alike. For example, some species in the genera Erynnis, Hesperia, and Amblyscirtes cannot currently be distinguished in the field by experts, the only reliable method of telling them apart involving dissection and examination of the genitalia.

[change] Examples

Examples include:

Aaron's Skipper - Poanes aaroni
Chequered Skipper - Carterocephalus palaemon
Small Skipper - Thymelicus sylvestris
Essex Skipper - Thymelicus lineola
Lulworth Skipper - Thymelicus acteon
Silver-spotted Skipper - Hesperia comma
Large Skipper - Ochlodes venata
Dingy Skipper - Erynnis tages
Grizzled Skipper - Pyrgus malvae
Dakota Skipper - Hesperia dacotae

[change] References

Ackery, P.R., de Jong, R and Vane-Wright, R.I. (1999). The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidae. Pp. 263-300 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.